The Observations of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Eruption-Generated Acoustic-Gravity Waves over the Continental United States

We demonstrate the signatures of the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai eruption-related acoustic and gravity waves (AGWs) over the continental United States, from ground to the ionosphere. They include several packets of broad-spectrum atmospheric and ionospheric disturbances, from commonly attributed to infrasonic waves ~3-4 min period fluctuations to waves of 20-60 min periods. Showing multi-layer probing of AGWs that provides a more-comprehensive investigation of their evolution, we also point to the complexity and difficulties of interpretation of these observations, suggesting the need of further modeling of natural hazard-generated AGWs and their propagation in a stratified atmosphere over realistic topography.